Childhood Obesity Essay - 1065 Words

It is a shame that so many children are obese. I am shocked that 2 million deaths each year can be contributed to physical inactivity (Wharry, 2002). The quot;How we Grew so Bigquot; article is about the evolutionary reasons behind obesity. I worked in a factory this past summer where there was very physical labour. I ate way more food than I had before I started working there but was a lot slimmer by the end of my contract. Even though the sudden increase in activity in my life reduced my body fat, most of the other workers there were overweight. This leads me to believe that obesity is more of a societal issue than an evolutionary issue. Ive had friends who were morbidly obese; one of whom would tell me quot;I know when Im full†¦show more content†¦eCMAJ. Available at: http://www3.open.uoguelph.ca/d2l/orgTools/ouHome/ouHome.asp?ou=16644 Accessed Feb 18 2005 I too worked in a factory last summer and it does change your eating habits and the way you look. Depending of what you’re doing in a factory of course. I worked with heavy steel. So part of my job was to move it off a cutting table. At the end of the summer I was toned. I ate at least 3 large meals a day and a ton of snacks in between to compensate for the constant burning of calories. It’ threw me off at first and then by the end I was used to it. I was healthy, weight wise and in general. I’ve seen it and you must have too, people look for ways of avoiding any physical activeness at the work place. I’m not talking about straining themselves, but doing a little more then they have to. Why not? Why make yourself more tired then you already are? I too witnessed that a lot of my co-workers were overweight. You’d think that their line of work would give them some type of a workout. I didn’t mind it at all. I hated the fact that I had to work, b ut it was like I was getting a free gym membership out of it and I’m getting paid. It’s all part of life. I don’t want to do that again. I didn’t enjoy working a graveyard shift, or pretty much anything about it. Mind you I learned a lot about certain machines and had a good time driving the forklift. Work is a part of life and depending on which line of work you choose you’re destined for certain acts orShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Obesity1247 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Review to Prevent the Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in Our Community. The rates of childhood obesity Worldwide are alarmingly high! Obesity is a global nutritional concern and leads to horrible consequences on our children and becomes a worldwide pandemic. Worldwide estimates of obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. In this study, people will find healthy tips to prevent childhood overweight or obesity to help children in our communitiesRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Childhood Obesity1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe prevalence of childhood obesity has remained a serious matter in the United States over the years despite its recent decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Children who are obese can experience the same devastating health effects as adults who are obese – cardiovascular issues, diabetes, breathing problems, and so forth. In addition, children who are obese are more than likely to become obese as adults, therefore the development of a health fair that would highlight increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Childhood Obesity Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfind out what has caused or what the leading factors to obesity are. Researchers are currently still doing research to find out what causes or what may be the lead to obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. (Rendall., Weden, Lau, Brownell, Nazarov Fernandes, 2014). Obesity is on a rise in the Unites States and all over the worldRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income families particularly in the United States. The socioeconomic status of these families contributes to the childhood obesity epidemic. Summary of Article 1 The article, â€Å"Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Feeding and Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison KalinowskiRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesFight to End Obesity Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and can be diagnosed by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. The existenceRead MoreChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may e ven have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Adolescent Essay3626 Words   |  15 PagesChildhood Obesity: The Adolescent The Finale Paper Presented to: GEN499: General Education Capstone Instructor: Robert Bass Ashford University By: Ranita Wallace March 27, 2015 Childhood Obesity: The Adolescent Obesity is a growing health problem. Obesity is when individuals are overweight, it causes health problems and is a threat to their lives. Usually obesity is a result from over eating and lack of exercise. Obesity is the cause of many health problems such as diabetesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to a 2010 report by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past thirty years. As well as having an impact on health, studies have cited a relationship between obesity and poor school performance as well as a child’s readiness for learning and education. This can be correlated with studies finding â€Å"obese children have a greater risk of social and psychological problems, such as discrimination and poor self-esteem†Read MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity : Childhood Obesity And Obesity955 Words   |  4 Pageswhere the life expectancy of today’s generation is being threatened. Prevention of overweight and obesity is imperative. Parents, especially mothers play a major role in preventing overweight and obesity among the children. Their knowledge of nutrition, food selection and family meal structure has major impact on their children’s food habit. The preschool age is crucial for the children to learn and develop their lifelong hab its. Education starts from home, where parents are the primary source

Essay on Adding to the Advertisements - 1383 Words

Everyone is influenced by their senses. Using peoples senses of touch, sight, and hearing is very effective in grabbing someones attention for a specific purpose such as to inform a person of where an exit sign is, when a building is being evacuated, and even when giving information about a brand new car an automotive company wants a demographic to buy. One of the biggest attention grabbers in history has been Propaganda. Propaganda is used to win the hearts and minds of a directly targeted audience to great effect as described by Adolf Hitler in his diatribe Mein Kampf. In Mein Kampf, there are many vivid descriptions of the ways that propaganda had been used in the past by the Allied forces to persuade the German people to their†¦show more content†¦The friendly, straightforward wording of the Calvert Whiskey add is a device described by Donna Woolfolk Cross in Propaganda: How not to be Bamboozled. as a Plain Folks Appeal (420). In this ads appeal, the tone is so laid bac k that it seems as if it could be a note that friends wrote to one another. The ad uses parentheses to give the illusion that some of the information should not be given out, but, because the customers are just plain folks like the makers of the whiskey, it is an acceptable loss. The other advertising device used by the ad makers is one Cross describes as Stroking. Stroking is described by Cross as giving someone enough compliments to have them begin to like you and your ideals (421). In the ad by Calvert, the one compliment given is You accepted us., by telling the reader that they are accepting and willing to give acceptance, they ask the reader to be only a little more giving to them and buy their product. Jib Fowles explicates the thoughts of Marshall McLuhan on the appeals to the audience used by advertising in his composition titled Advertisings Fifteen Basic Appeals. In this, Fowles elucidates two of Mcluhans appeals used in the advertisement of Calverts Whiskey. The first, and largest, appeal to the viewers of the add is one of an aesthetic sensation. Fowles says that, There is an undeniable aesthetic component to virtually every ad run in the national media. meaning that every ad isShow MoreRelated Operant condition Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagespurchase the specific product you are being reinforced to make the actual purchase because of the reward of receiving money back. There are two types of reinforcements, positive and negative. Positive reinforcers bring pleasant consequence abrupt by adding something pleasant to the environment of the individual. â€Å"This increases the probability that the response will occur again†(Darcy, pg 224). For example to increase customer response you may want to send a trail sample or coupon to entice the customerRead MoreOvert Sexualization in American Apparel’s Advertising Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Apparel’s advertisements use sexual images to sell their products, it is a strategy that has caused much controversy because it is the woman being put in the advertisement in a suggestive way to model American Apparel’s clothing. From having American Apparel female employers exposing their bodies to female models seductively placed in overtly sexualized positions to having a pornographic actress. American Apparel has been a controversial company when discussing their advertisements. The companyRead MoreCompare-Contrast1087 Words   |  5 PagesCompare-Contrast This paper is on compare-contrast of two advertisements dealing with two beauty products. One will be targeted towards men, while the other will be targeted towards women. The two beauty products advertisements that will be compared and contrast are the Axe Body Spray advertisement (18-19) and the Victoria’s Secret fragrance mist advertisement (Bath and Body Works). Both advertisements use different marketing promotions technique to try to get the attention and win over theirRead MoreWeight Loss Supplements : Analysis1192 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Circle magazine, a supplement powder called Almased. The advertisement for this product is meant to appeal to the eyes and needs of its target audience, the multitude of people trying to lose weight or become healthy; however, upon closer analysis of the advertisement as a whole, many aspects may draw a person towards the product but simple color scheme flaws may lead potential buyers elsewhere. The object of focus in this advertisement is the rather large photo of a drink which the creators ofRead MoreEthical Guidelines For The Marketing Industry1562 Words   |  7 Pages stereotyping women, false brand comparisons, and Children in advertisements. All are which, are pretty common throughout the industry and many are seen being used at the same time during marketing campaigns. Focusing in on children in advertising there are many cases where advertising is targeted to exploit the innocence in children. Advertising to children may be very attractive to marketers because of the impression advertisements tend to make on them, which affects their future purchasing decisionsRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Coca Cola1221 Words   |  5 Pagesbudget their expense well, and this will help minimise their losses. Media can be defined as a facilitating institution who suggest appropriate message within the operative constraints of space and is considered to be one of the most effective advertisement methods among marketing practitioners. Published media includes newspapers, magazines, trade and professional press, as well as internet. Visual and aural media, on the other hand, include television, radio, cinema, posters, billboards, and directRead MoreHawaiian Punch Case Analysis Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy-eight percent of net dollars sales amongst finished goods and are eighty-two percent of total net sales volume. It also contributes fifty-six percent of gross contribution before marketing and fifty-nine percent after marketing. The costs of adding a new flavor or bottling size would be 2.8 million dollars, but do not require sales controlled marketing fees. Fifty-eight percent of Hawaiian Punch buyers shop the juice aisle (See Exhibit 7). We feel that introducing the new siz e in this aisleRead MoreAnalysis of Campbells Advertising Buyer and Consumer Behavior1667 Words   |  7 Pagesevery day†. The advertisement promotes the â€Å"select series† of Campbell’s soup. It is one of the most popular series in Hong Kong. Let us talk about the advertisement theories. Analysis and Theories in use Market Segmentation: Market segmentation helps the company to classify the most potential customers into their target group. First, the advertisement mentions the soup eating methods. For the first method, you just need to microwave it for three minutes without adding water. For anotherRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Coca Cola1221 Words   |  5 Pagesbudget their expense well, and this will help minimise their losses. Media can be defined as a facilitating institution who suggest appropriate message within the operative constraints of space and is considered to be one of the most effective advertisement methods among marketing practitioners. Published media includes newspapers, magazines, trade and professional press, as well as internet. Visual and aural media, on the other hand, include television, radio, cinema, posters, billboards, and directRead MoreVisual Analysis : The Flies 932 Words   |  4 PagesI came up with the name to help the summary flow better. The commercial never stated her name. Analysis: The main purpose of this commercial is to advertise an alcoholic beverage called Bud Light. The commercial uses the appeal to pathos. The advertisement also has many logical fallacies. I personally enjoyed viewing this commercial as I think most would, but I could also see how this commercial could have offended some people. In my opinion, I felt that this Bud Light commercial was mainly targeted

Leadership Development in South Riding Council Free Essays

Leadership Development In South Riding Council Leadership skills development is often a neglected area in local councils across the I-J. South Riding Council has sought to address this issue through establishing its own local leadership institute. The council, like all other local authorities, is facing the challenge of developing the leaders of tomorrow within a turbulent operating environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Development in South Riding Council or any similar topic only for you Order Now The recruitment and retention of key staff is not easy in an area hit by a long-term decline in the local economy, following the decline In traditional and manufacturing Industries Like coal mining, ship building and steel making. The quality and performance of leadership within the council was highlighted in the findings of several external audits covering education provision and overall council performance against key indicators. These audits, conducted within a three year period in the mid asses, concluded that the council was lacking in strategic direction. At the end of the decade a similar message was being repeated by Audit Commission inspectors during the first statutory comprehensive performance assessment (CPA). The resultant Impact on the organization cannot be overstated – staff morale plummeted and turnover increased with the loss of organizational knowledge being a major outcome. Internal staff surveys indicated that the lack of strategic leadership was felt acutely by council staff as well as being identified by external bodies. Human Resource Development in general was considered weak with staff reporting a lack of direction In career management and poor professional development provision. Deputy Chief Executive Kevin Harper commented that: our changing environment aught us out – we were reacting to uncontrollable circumstances. This highlighted a weakness generally in strategic leadership across the council. We need to retain key staff and improve our talent management programmers. We can ‘ t Just rely on staff replacement to keep the council running so we need to think about staff development and growing our own. Central to this vision was improving leadership and management skills. A new HER strategy was launched in 2009 with leadership Improvement Its key component. The strategy committed South Ruling Council to establishing an organization wide framework to develop leadership skills at political and senior managerial levels’ . More recently, the council has invested time and money i n shorter-term projects to enhance desired leadership skills. The latest initiative has been the creation off leadership institute. The Leadership Institute (Al) was launched in 2010 in conjunction with a local higher education provider. It ‘s focus Is on Improving management and leadership skills throughout the organization to lad succession planning. Commenting on the Al Initiative Harper said: There Is always plenty of hidden talent in a local council. People may be doing amazing things outside work, but because they are not properly engaged at work their potential is not fully realized. The Al has established a one year learning programmer based on current issues in local government leadership. The programmer includes a range of teaching and learning methods from ‘master classes’ on topics such as sessions on staff engagement and organizational commitment. The programmer also involves one-to-one mentoring, group coaching and individual action learning work. The L’, although a recent development, has seen promising early returns on the investment of time and money. Sickness and absence levels are falling and levels of satisfaction in leadership are rising. The clearest indication of improvement can be seen in the most recent statutory performance assessment results. The council is now rated as four-star, excellent and improving strongly in the process, rather than a fair’ rating in the 2006. Harper comments: ‘The Council still has some way to go and we are not complacent but initial signs are encouraging. Leaders now feel supported ND more confident in their capacity to make decisions and staff know they are being listened to. The leadership institute will continue to help with this development. ‘ Peter Rickrack, the council’s innovation manager – a rank Just below head of service level – is part of the council’s leadership institute. He has seen an immediate impact on his practice and adds: ‘It is a fantastic chance for people to learn about their own leadership style and how they can develop this. No-one on the programmer is expecting promotion Just because we are on this, but we know it will help us make he most of our talents and careers. ‘ Keith Harper has overseen the Al from its inception and works closely with the council’s organizational development team. The Al has cost approximately in its first year but the savings alone in staff absence reduction mean that the Al will break even financially. Harper knows however that the major challenge will be overcoming the traditional organizational culture and bringing on staff who may not easily identify themselves with a leadership role. The Al is partly aimed at unlocking hidden potential, but most of the antedates have so far come from senior positions. He said: ‘We were hoping to get people from all levels and it is something we will be looking to do more in the future†¦ We know there are a lot of talented people out there who are still not being reached. Please consider the following: 1. Outline and discuss how the South Riding Council approach to leadership development maps on to the major trends in leadership development. 2. Critically analyses the potential benefits and drawbacks of this leadership development approach for the Council. How to cite Leadership Development in South Riding Council, Essays

Managing Food and Beverage Services

Question: Discuss about the Managing Food and Beverage Services ? Answer : Introducation: This century is characterized by a population which is quite aggressive in different fields of commerce. Food and beverage industries are one of the leading business endeavors carried out the world. It is estimated that this kind of industry takes 78% of undertakings practiced in the world. It is prudent to state that this sort of trade is profitable and thus faced with a lot of competitions. Therefore, the people carrying it for sustainability must ensure its operations are quality so as to remain in the industry for a longer period. It will be possible with a clear modus operandi which applies the use of different theories in the corporate sector. Notably, Helo, Gunasekaran Rymaszewska (2017) outlines that, the value chain approach works best if correctly used and one can reap richly in commerce by applying its knowledge. The method is employed in the formulation of the competitive strategies in which a manager of a restaurant can utilize so as to counter other competitors in the same field. More so, it enables one to have the tips concerning the competitive advantage and thus assisting in the integration of activities and their interrelationships in the corporation. The coordination is made possible through sharing of the activities in a friendly way between the organization and its sub-units. For a comprehensive understanding of the manner in which the managers in the hospitality industry can last longer and productive in trade, one has to delve upon, the vision, mission, competitive strategy, and competitive advantage. More so, value chain model, value chain analysis and strategic planning, implications of strategic planning, value chain analysis, conclusion, and recommendations will also be studied so as to cover the theory in an explicit way and come up with a report with is substantial to the designated people. The Vision The value chain approach was developed with the aim of guiding different business sectors in providing the goods and services which are quality in the world. Therefore, for the managers working in restaurants to achieve this vision, they should guarantee the purchasers outstanding services, hygiene, and safe foodstuffs as well as quality products. The impression of a well-done job from the consumer is very necessary (Armitage, Roberts Sekhon, 2017). Therefore, the model gives the directors a piece of the well-formulated theoretical framework so that they can stick to the independent objectives of their companies while ensuring successful, healthy competition and long service in the industry while managing their several restaurants. The mission The purpose of the value chain theory is to make sure that the managers receive the best information which will help in developing the status quo of the business in which they exercise authority to be the best place for the human resource worldwide. This model provides guidelines in which one should apply so as to ensure that those people who work for the company finds the place attractive and thus cherish their stay and produce not only quality service but one with an impact thus influencing the consumer (Spiegler et al., 2016). Therefore, it will help in the creation of collateral for the future return into the same restaurant by the customer. Additionally, it provides rubric through which the managers can turn the restaurant into a place which supplies services with a well-developed operational system to the users. The resultant feature will give the company an opportunity to cherish the impetus which comes with being made priority and the most acknowledged in the business. Conseq uently, Rothaermel, (2015) outlines that; the sustainability of the endeavor will be upheld in the given trading zone if value chain theory is well utilized. Likewise, the theory enables the management to keep a continuous favorable direction in matters to do with branding in the market. It equips them with the innovative perspective which is crucial in ensuring continuity of the business in spite of the myriad of challenges emanating from the availability of the stiff rivalry in same business organizations. Competitive strategy and competitive advantage Profits form the basis of the attractiveness of any given business. This indicator shows that the company has a sustainable competitive advantage in the market. The managers in restaurants should ensure that the choices in which they make as per the position of the restaurant are strategic and that they translate them accordingly so as to realize an effective competitive advantage in the market. According to Moliner (2016), the use of role leadership or specialization should be put into consideration by the Managers so as to comprehend this functional unit of sustainability in the commercial activities. The board should put more energy regarding production and financial investment in those areas in which they view as having high returns. For instance, the bar owners should make purchases on the brand of beer in which the clients find it fond using. On the other hand, those managing hotels and guest rooms should put more efforts in ensuring that the rooms are fitted with the outfits m ost preferred by the guests concerning color and complexion (Menon Yao, 2017). As well, the restaurant should make sure that the food served is worth and the unique regarding taste from other similar hotels since this will help in retaining the clients in the hotel. Consequently, the idea will ensure that a competitive advantage will reign in that particular hotel since the chances of having a significant number of consumers in daily basis will be experienced (Zhao, et al., 2017). Primarily, one can outline that distinctive competence and the aggressive benefit intermarry one another, and they have been found to be a key development strategy in the corporate world thus need to be embraced. Value chain model This model is used in the conceptualization of the activities required in the provision of goods and services to the patrons. It was advanced by Michael Porter which is based on competitive advantage while one is operating the business. It depicts the manner in which product gains value from the industrial processes such as designing, production, advertising and delivering of services to the clients (Lpez-Gamero et al., 2016). The phenomena encourages the mangers to have inbound logistics through development of a realistic and lasting relationship with the supplies. Besides, the value chain theory emphasizes that all the operations in the firm should be developed into output so as to apprehend gains necessary for its growth. Therefore, managers must be creative enough to establish this in the company. According to Michael, the managers should engage in ensuring that the infrastructural, technological, human resource and procurement development is standardized due to that they aid in the smooth flow of products from different levels of production within a given segment in the bistro. In the absence of such mechanisms in the business, one is assured of the fall of the company regarding profits caused by low turn up of the clients. The theory further outline that, the managers should make certain that the facility is equipped with a good parking slot, a modern swimming pool and that their services should be delivered by use of current technology so as to reach the punters in good shape and at the right time. Moreover, the executive body should ensure that their procurement unit is good all round. They must be a body which ensures that the supplies section adheres to the quality of the products in which they deliver in the restaurant (Thompson et al., 2013). Besides, the procured goods and services should be economical so as to avoid over-spending on the profits realized. Likewise, the board of directors should guarantee that the human resource unit is quality. It is crucial to state that eminent personnel are one way to the hearts of most of the clients and thus ensuring the sustainability of the commerce. Contrary, Jogaratnam (2017) allude, an enterprise whose workforce is substandard is subject to failure. For that matter, the human resource should employ only those job seekers who have the necessary qualification without prejudice of their background and so forth. Application of this theory is significant since it encourages the movement of products from the primary to secondary level so as to allow for a framework whereby output and input are well accounted for in the hotel. Value chain analysis and strategic planning The value chain analysis is one of the key functions applied in the improvement of the competitive platform of the industries more so in the hospitality sector. It provides rich descriptions and numerical analysis of the important role in the corporation (Wan, Wu, 2016). If well synthesized, the managers of restaurants can realize better revenues which can sustain the business in the best way possible. The managerial class in hotel and restaurant industry should exercise this parameter since it equips one with strategic formulation and planning of values which are very necessary for making decisions pertaining different activities in running the organization. The managers should divide various activities in the firm so as to pave the way in understanding their impact in the business unit. This scenario is used in measuring the differentiation and cost behavior of the company (Koc Bozdag, 2017). The proposal will enable one to come up with diverse ideas concerning the various units in the enterprise. For instance, one will be equipped with the knowledge of making assumptions based on the actual results received from the workload. The sub-divisions will have different profitability capacity; therefore, subjecting the executive body on the discussion concerning what ought to be done or not so as to improve the areas with massive challenges. Conversely, the information will also form the basis on how to boost the flourishing activities in the company so as to maintain their rank for an extended period. Furthermore, the administrative body can use the result obtained in coming up with coherent and an explicit forecast in the firm (Jifa, Haiyan Hang, 2015). The method is necessary because it exposes one into understanding the sources of the competitive advantages experienced in the restaurant. The supervisors should delve upon guarding, nurturing, and building of those areas which facilitate the sustainability of the company. In a summative way, a well-synchronize d framework and understanding of the Michael Porters value chain theory and strategic competition of the enterprise enable the management to ensure that the corporation thrives richly in profits and consequently longevity is experienced. This method of ensuring the long-term prosperity of the company allows the decision-making team to understand the constraints and the talents available in the workplace. The leadership should have a greater efficiency which counters the competition from other companies (Humphrey, 2014). The firm is entitled to create a parallel chain for the competitor so that they can achieve such. The developed route will enable one to create the system of running their restaurant while monitoring how far behind or in front of its competitors. Therefore, the information received will form the basis for a mechanism to be employed for the state of rivalry. Implication for strategic planning Diverse corporations work under the influence of calculated planning so as to monitor the manner in which the achievements are made in different sub-units in the business functional systems. Moreover, Hill, Jones, Schilling (2014) contributed that; one can use this parameter in measuring of the overall output of the entire society. Decisions made concerning the individual units in the store are made to spearhead the development of the strategy to be used in the organization of the whole business enterprise. The managers are entitled to use such since dealing with small sections of the association is simple in making the diagnosis of challenges and the capabilities within them contrary to the entire system (Zamora, 2016).They give the clear image since one view on sub-section in the endeavor can bring the clear image of what should be exercised to provide a clear modus operandi for combating competition unlike from a wider spectrum. The managers are encouraged to utilize the use of th is method since it is rich in information and also can offer one with the ideas concerning what is central to the business, and therefore its implementation becomes much easier. Likewise, Grant (2016) reiterates that, value chain theory gives one room to make free choices concerning the way trade should be commercialized. The idea of the creation of sub-section and finally merging them together as been explicated and if the managers work out the formula on this initiative, they are assured of better profits making an organization which counteracts opposition from other businesses in an open approach. Also, Heizer Barry, (2013) outlines that, the managers should employ the use of network interrelations so as to achieve the desired goals and ensure long-term sustainability in the corporation. For a company to achieve this, the management should apply the use of several organizational mechanism and practices. This approach entails the use of a lateral device which enables the company in solving of past problems in which it had encountered (Menon Yao, 2017). In brief, the supervisors should identify, manage, and coordinate new methods of administering relationships within a corporation as highlighted by the value chain conjecture. Conclusion The restaurant business cuts across different business activities summed into one by the owners. The management involved has to be very creative due to the constant change in taste and preference from the consumers as a result of the fast changing technology. The creative and the innovative aspect will enable the business to counter its competitors as well remain in operations in the market for a long duration while maximizing profits. The use of value chain theory is thus pivotal in ensuring the business holders realize this at all times. The use of different linkages found within the business and monitoring on the way in which one's competitors are performing should always be exercised so as to avoid collapsing of the endeavor. Apart from providing views, one gets the momentum of applying several measures both already established and innovating new ones to improve their production. Recommendation The business of dealing with direct human consumption is faced with some challenges due to its nature which requires constant upgrading and care. It is crucial for the managers to have extensive research concerning the running of this kind of business. The information found will then be applied in uplifting the working standards which consequently will lead to prolonged existence of its operations. Additionally, the management should develop teamwork in the company. It is always believed that if one wants to walk faster, one should stand alone whereas, if they want to go far, they should be in a group (Rothaermel, 2016). Therefore, the manager should involve other employees in the decision-making process in the company. The different ideas collected from various levels in the corporation will help the firm in providing better services to the consumers and thus obtaining a plethora of advantages which comes with improved revenue in production. Additionally, the managerial body should utilize the use of brands which are unique in the market. For instance, they should decorate their restaurant by use of distinct features which are full of a chivalrous impression to the clients (Simatupang, Piboonrungroj Williams, 2017). Such methods will uplift the spirit of the consumers and thus frequent the place as well market the restaurant. Likewise, the manager should encourage the application of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The community around will facilitate its marketing and thus increase their sells ultimately staying at the top as far as competition is concerned. With the possible recommendation and the application of the value chain theory, the company will be able to solve its problems amicably, counter competition, and stay eternally in business. References Armitage, J., Roberts, J., Sekhon, Y. K. (2017). Luxury Products and Services and the Sustainable Value Chain: Six Management Lessons from Gucci. In Sustainable Management of Luxury (pp. 259-279). Springer Singapore. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Heizer, R., Barry, R. (2013). Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management (Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Helo, P., Gunasekaran, A., Rymaszewska, A. (2017). Value Chain Effects. In Designing and Managing Industrial Product-Service Systems (pp. 83-87). Springer International Publishing. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Humphrey, J. (2014). Internalisation theory, global value chain theory and sustainability standards. In International Business and Sustainable Development (pp. 91-114). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jifa, W., Haiyan, A., Hang, C. (2015). The Research of Chain Structure and Value Realization Mechanism Based on Innovation Chain in ST Service Industry. Science Technology Progress and Policy, 15, 012. Jogaratnam, G. (2017). The effect of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and human capital on positional advantage: Evidence from the restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 60, 104-113. Koc, T., Bozdag, E. (2017). Measuring the degree of novelty of innovation based on Porter's value chain approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 257(2), 559-567. Lpez-Gamero, M. D., Pertusa-Ortega, E. M., Molina-Azorin, J. F., Tar-Guill, J. J., Pereira-Moliner, J. (2016). Organizational antecedents and competitive consequences of environmental proactivity in the hotel industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7), 949-970. Menon, A. R., Yao, D. A. (2017). Elevating Repositioning Costs: Strategy Dynamics and Competitive Interactions. Strategic Management Journal.Pereira-Moliner, J., Font, X., Tar, J. J., Molina-Azorin, J. F., Lopez-Gamero, M. D., Pertusa-Ortega, E. M. (2015). The Holy Grail: Environmental management, competitive advantage and business performance in the Spanish hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(5), 714-738. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Rothaermel, F. T. (2016). Competitive Advantage in Technology Intensive Industries. In Technological Innovation: Generating Economic Results (pp. 233-256). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Simatupang, T. M., Piboonrungroj, P., Williams, S. J. (2017). The emergence of value chain thinking. International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 40-57. Spiegler, V. L. M., Potter, A. T., Naim, M. M., Towill, D. R. (2016). The value of nonlinear control theory in investigating the underlying dynamics and resilience of a grocery supply chain. International Journal of Production Research, 54(1), 265-286. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Strickland III, A. J., Jain, A. K. (2013). Crafting Executing Strategy 19/e: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Education. Wan, Z., Wu, B. (2016). When Suppliers Climb the Value Chain: A Theory of Value Distribution in Vertical Relationships. Management Science. Zamora, E. A. (2016). Value Chain Analysis: A Brief Review. Asian Journal of Innovation Policy, 5(2). Zhao, E. Y., Fisher, G., Lounsbury, M., Miller, D. (2017). Optimal distinctiveness: Broadening the interface between institutional theory and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 38(1), 93-113.

Impact of Technology on an Organization

Introduction Technology continues to play a pivotal part in the modern business world. Technological advancement steadily continues to become an integral part of the operations any company. Companies continue to adopt new technologies in enhancing their performance. The impacts of these technological adoptions, however, continue to be felt in numerous aspects of the company.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Impact of Technology on an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The impacts form an internal and external influence to the business of the company. It becomes necessary to analyze the internal and external impacts of any technological adaptation in order to provide room for improvement. This analysis can also enable informed decision making by the board of a company. The Organization The coca-cola company is a multinational company supplying soft drink across globally. The company’s headqua rters lie in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States of America. Over the years, the company continues to create leadership in the manufacturing of non-alcoholic beverages globally. Though it began in 1886 with a single brand of soft drink, that situation has changed over the years. The company run over 500 globally recognized brands across the world. The company has effectively utilized franchise marketing, across the globe, to reach out to its customers in rural settings within third world countries (Dent, 2011). As a global leader within the industry, it employs the use of various technologies for maximizing sales across the world. Listing of the company in the New York stock exchange means that it operates as a limited liability company. The company defines its mission as striving to refresh the world. This, the company seeks to achieve through creating value and making a difference. The company continues to live up to its mission globally. The number of servings delivered daily i s estimated at 1.7 billion across over 200 countries. The company utilizes franchised distribution for the distribution of its products worldwide. The company has employed this structure of distributing since 1889. The distributors get an allocation of the territory where they supply coca-cola products. This structure continues to ease the distribution burden on the company as the subcontracted organizations manage the distribution logistics. The company only distributes its products up to the bottlers’ level. The rest of the distribution channel is left to subcontracted companies and individuals. The company contains numerous subsidiaries running the operations of coca-cola in various countries.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The chairman of the company also acts at the chief executive for the company. The headquarters of the company are in Atlanta. All the com pany operations run from that central place. The rest of the services are controlled through subsidiaries of coca-cola. Many of these subsidiaries operate as independent companies although few fall under the ownership of coca-cola. From the inception up to now, the company continues to adopt new technologies in delivering services and products. These technologies come in all operations of the company, from production to distribution. One of the notable technological advancement by coca-cola continues to be the use of vending machines. The impact of these machines on the organization cannot be ignored. The machines continue to play a crucial role in the operations of the coca-cola company. History of the vending machine A vending machine can be described as any machine dispensing items, to customers, automatically upon inserting currency. These machines had been in use since the 19th century when they were first employed commercially. The growing demand for coca-cola products can be attributed to the integration of the vending machines into the selling system of the company. With a global rise in the demand for products, especially in the populated areas, there came a need for an invention to cater for those numbers. The demand for coca-cola products in office blocks seemed to be rising as days progressed. The mode of selling using sales men could not efficiently cater for the desires of the growing number of customers. This led to the use of automated machines to dispense products to customers. The machines had been used in other industries in dispensing products. Post offices extensively utilized these machines in the sale of postage stamps. Introduction of these machines can be traced to the years after the First World War. Before this time, the company used service packs as a way of catering to large numbers of people in highly populated place. The vending machines allow for a reduced number of employees while supplying the products to a wide range of peopl e (Philippine de T’Serclaes, 2007). The technology vending machines were installed in the regions where there was a substantial demand for the products. The employees of coca-cola would only need to check that the levels of the products do not drop. The company first installed the machines in the American region. They were initially installed to enable the company sell to many people and not for convenience. The burden on the employees conducting selling activities was also eased with the adoption of the vending machines. The technology continued to be distributed to other regions of the world following the same criterion of installation. Other competing companies in the industry accelerated the trend. It became common for each soft drinks beverage company to provide an automated vending machine at various selling points across the world.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Impact of Technology on an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the setting in of competition for technology, companies install their vending machines in proximity to competitors. This continues to help companies within the beverage industry achieve improved sales in new regions. In the modern times, these machines are placed in every soft drink outlet in leading cities of the world. The maturity of this technology came with the recognition and the extensive use of technology in almost all industries. In the food industry, the technology of vending machines continues to be used even in the portioning of food. Better control can be achieved when machines are utilized as opposed to the employment of human capital. The technology has allowed for a full time supply of soft drinks in places where this was not possible. The acceptance of this technology by many countries played a significant role in the maturity of the technology. This has seen the machines offering selective services. The soft drink ve nding machines of the earlier days could only sell a specified brand of drink. The modern machines offer a variety of up to five different brands of soft drinks. The technological advancement has also increased the efficiency of the machines. Privately owned machines can sell not only different brands, but also brands from different companies. Independent machine companies continue to construct machines targeting other establishments like restaurants. The restaurants posses the rights to the machines and can sell a mixture of hot and cold drinks from a single dispensing machine. Owing to numerous regulations set in the 21st century, the technology of vending machines continues to advance in conformity to standards. Impact of vending machine on the organization The adoption of this technology continues to produce immense impact on the operations of the coca-cola company. The global marketing business receives a surmountable boost from the use of vending machines. The various aspects of the company showing significant impacts are discussed below. Customers The company established itself as a global leader in the manufacturing of non-alcoholic soft drinks long ago. Maintaining this position continues to be essential for the company. The use of this technology has impacted the way customers purchase coca-cola products. The vending machines continue to provide refreshments to customers around the globe in a similar manner.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customers can access similar quality of drinks whenever they travel to across the entire world. The availability of these products continues to provide the desired satisfaction on the customers. The technology is unified in all countries it is used. This provides customers with a service they can identify from any country. With differing technological advancements around the globe, the use of standard vending machines continues to standardize the technology in different nations. This allows customers from third world countries, to use the machines in developed nations. Employees The coca-cola company contains an estimated 140,000 employee base in all countries where it operates (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011). The company has employed this technology across all regions equally. The employees continue to reap the benefits of the technology. To the employees, the technology allows them to conduct a lot of sales under minimum effort. An employee can singlehandedly sell to an entire offic e block without getting exhausted. The main chores involve replenishing the drinks and other disposable materials in the machine. This makes the selling aspect for the employees extremely easy. The area of coverage by an individual also increases through utilizing this technology. The general output of employees continues to increase as an impact of the adoption of the vending machine technology. The technology has helped create numerous jobs not related to the manufacturing of soft drinks. The company has integrated the services of engineers and programmers to operate the machines. The programmers’ work in the machines includes, adjusting prices when a change occurs. They also work to ensure the prices are maintained globally as the exchange rates for currencies keep on changing. Society The vending machines have also had an impact on society. The society has been transformed immensely through the use of vending machines. The machines have eliminated the salesmen who used to be positioned at strategic points selling coca-cola products. The crowding along the streets of cities across the world caused by these salesmen continues to reduce with the installation of vending machines. Cities continue to improve on the appearance as advertisements can be run on the machines. The machines occupy small spaces and can, therefore, be linked to the de-congesting of pedestrian footpaths in cities. The industry The machines have transformed how selling is conducted in the industry. The use of credit cards in the 21st century continues to be extensively utilized in many industries. Through these machines, the industry has adopted the use of credit cards in the purchase of soft drinks. Some machines have the capability to accept credit card payments for drinks dispensed. This has changed the way purchasing of soft drinks is conducted. The industry continues to experience new technological advancements through the vending machines. The industry has been able to operate many points of sale run directly by the company. While franchising is common as a mode of selling, it cuts the profits a company receives. Elimination of the franchising aspect has increased the level of profits realized by the companies in the industry. The vending machines also help the industry achieve product standardization in terms of packaging (Peter Martin, 2010). Since the machines can only accept cans of a certain size, the companies manufacture that size of cans. This standardization makes purchasing decisions easy to make for customers products based on other considerations apart from appearance. The machines can also be said to limit the design creativity for products. When a company wants to change its packaging design, the vending machine has to be changed. To avoid the expenses that may be incurred, the companies within the industry continue to restrict themselves to old packaging designs. Ramifications of the technology The company continues to encounter numerous c omplications relating to the application of the vending machine technology. Many of the issues of concern for the company are based on the environment and climate change. The material used in the packaging of products available in the machines continues to pollute the environment. Most of the products contained in the vending machines are packaged in plastic of metal. Since a majority of the people who purchase from the machines are on transit, this encourages littering with the packets. The disposal of the packaging material has been an issue of concern within the company. Though the company has adopted the use of recyclable materials, the challenge to curb littering continues to exist. These machines have been faulted as the origin a sizeable percentage of litter found on major cities’ streets. The vending machines have been identified as causing a considerable level of contribution towards gas emission. The United Nations summit on climate change in Copenhagen came up with a solution to reduce greenhouse gas effects. The company and its partners also agreed to use hydro fluorocarbon-free vending machines and coolers by 2015 (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011). This aims at ensuring the company plays a leading role in the conservation of the environment. The challenge to construct vending machines complying with the set rules has been identified by the company as its principal role going into the future. The company continues to urge other companies in the soft drink industry to follow suit in the adoption of hydro fluorocarbon-free coolers and vending machines. Recommendations The adoption of this technology has tremendously improved the operations of the coca-cola company. There can be several recommendations that the company can adopt to deal with the challenges facing the technology. The company should seek to partner with the other players in the industry to come up with environmentally friendly vending machines. This would reduce the costs incurred by the company in the construction and installation of such machines. While reducing costs, this partnership would also allow exchange of technology between the various employees for the companies. The company should seek to work in close relationship with the local authorities within areas where the vending machines are installed. This partnership with the local authorities would enable the company to come up with an innovative way of controlling littering. This would play a crucial role in improving the image of the company in association with clean environments. The company can also sponsor garbage collection companies collecting garbage in areas where littering from coca-cola products seems extensive. The company can be able to play a part in the cleaning of the environment through such a project. The company would be well placed using machines accepting only credit cards and no cash. As the company heads into the future, such machines would eliminate the problem of cash collectio n. Numerous incidents have been reported of employees being attacked after collecting money from machines. This would also reduce the losses incurred by the company when a machine is attacked. Losses in such scenarios would only be of the unsold drinks. In the current system, successful burglary of a machine results in the loss of the unsold drinks and the sales. Using electronic payments, the company can secure the sales in the event of a burglary act. Such machines can also ensure profitability as the pricing can be set using a single currency. This would ease the problem of converting sales affected by fluctuating rates of different currencies across the world. The company should seek to partner with distributors to provide security in machines located within an area allocated to the distributor. This shall immensely improve reduce cases of burglary of the machines. The machines can also be partly owned by the distributors to ensure the distribution of the risk between the compan y and the distributor. This shall reduce the amount of losses incurred on the company as parts shall be transferred to the distributor. Partnering with distributors can also ensure that the company locates the machines in convenient, strategic locations. The company can utilize the distributor knowledge of the area to identify the strategic positions to place the machines. Conclusion The coca cola company has adopted the use of vending machines to ease the supply of their products. The company continues to advance the technology by improving the machine to comply with modern technology (Peter Martin, 2010). The impacts of the machines on the company have both been negative and positive. With significant advancements and rectifications on the existing machines, the company can improve the profitability of the venture significantly. This would in turn increase the total returns for the company. References Dent, J. (2011). Distribution Channels: Understanding and Managing Channels to M arket (2nd Ed.). London: Kogan Page ltd. Peter Martin, G. H. (2010). Automation Made Easy: Everything You Wanted to Know about Automation and need to ask. New York: International Society of Automation. Philippine de T’Serclaes, N. J. (2007). Mind the gap: quantifying principal-agent problems in energy efficiency. Paris: International Enegy Agency. The Coca-Cola Company. (2011). Goals Performance. Web. 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Eating Disorders Essays

Eating Disorders Essays Eating Disorders Essay Eating Disorders Essay Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is the recommended pick of intervention for people enduring eating upsets ( Nice 2004 ) . However. there is turning and mountain concerns that there is deficiency of clinical trail to turn out the efficaciousness of CBT in handling eating upsets. Therefore. what this reappraisal aims to accomplish is to analyze and research what surveies and literature has been made available in this field and to consistently analyze these research or findings. In add-ons. it aims to do strong recommendations for manner frontward. This paper will take to critically analyze some research worker articles. reviewing and oppugning each phase of the research from imploring to stop. The principle of pick is eating upsets have the highest mortality rate among all mental wellness unwellness in United Kingdom ( NICE 2004 ) . As a trainee CBT healer it will be a great accomplishment to assist scale this pace to its lowest. What do l cognize about anorexia nervosa Patients with an eating upset of any type have a significantly increased hazard for decease. but anorexia nervosa appears to be peculiarly lifelessly and linked to the highest mortality and self-destruction rates. likewise elevated mortality rates were found for those with bulimia nervosa and eating upset non otherwise specified ( EDNOS ) . However. the rate was even higher for those with anorexia nervosa. with a leaden one-year rate of 5 deceases per 1000 person-years.

Operation information system management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operation information system management - Essay Example The telecommunication component constitute of information technology that helps to channel information to all the departments within an organization. In addition, information technology encourages creativity and innovativeness because of dynamism experienced in business environment. The major types of information systems include; functional system and organization information systems. Functional information systems provide support to specific departments within an organization (Encyclopedia Britanic pp.1-3). An example of functional information systems include; production system, marketing systems and cross functional systems. Those systems helps in ensuring that there efficient and effective logistics operations (Encyclopedia Britanic p.3). On the other hand, organization information systems are those systems that enhance effectiveness and efficiency in organization operations. Among the organization systems include; those that provide support to the organization operations, organiz ation knowledge and managerial support. Operation support encompasses three major areas of operations namely; supply chain management, transactional systems and management of customer’s relationships (Encyclopedia Britanic pp.2-3). Knowledge support system facilitates flow of knowledge through out the organization. Among the knowledge systems include; collaboration support systems, professional knowledge support systems and knowledge management systems. A collaboration management system helps to ensure proper coordination among all departments within an organization. On the contrary, a professional knowledge management system helps to promote cohesiveness among different professionals working together in a company. Connectively, management support system entails decision support models such as executive support systems and managerial reporting systems (Encyclopedia Britanic p.3-7). Therefore, this study will provide a comprehensive report and an analysis of the role and acqui sition of information systems for TGL senior management as well as line management. Role and acquisition of IS for TGL for its senior management and line management Information system involves three major roles namely; providing support to business operations, making managerial decisions and providing support to achieve strategic competitive advantage (Bagad p.2). Business operation role involves applying information systems in recording inventories, billing of vendors and customers, management of cash flows to mention just but a few. For example, it can be scrutinized that TGL Company has an account department that takes part in executing business operation role. For example, it was reported that TGL account department makes purchase orders as well as make payment for goods and services on behalf of the entire organization. In addition, TGL marketing department conduct marketing research to determine popularity of their company products and design marketing strategies that can be e mployed to market their company products. Whereby, marketing managers provides managers with necessary information that can help them make sound decisions on the most appropriate design that can be employed. On the other hand, information system plays decision role, this involves providing information that may help TGL managers to decide whether to invest, divest or not to invest on a particular product (Bagad p.2-3). Finally, information syst

Mother-daughter relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mother-daughter relationships - Essay Example At the same time, it shows the necessity to desist from such terms. Further, contextualizing this novel, it tries to explore the various ways that people make meaning pursuant to their lives characterized by conflicts that originate from gender, race, and idiosyncratic viewpoints. However, Sula rejects the simple answers that demonstrate ambiguity, a terror of life, beauty, in both its horrors and triumphs. Nevertheless, Sula illustrates the varied relationships that exist between the family members showing their importance as a tool of the social construct (Pruitt 115). Therefore, the essay will examine, analyze, and elucidate the various relationships that take the center stage of this novel. Based on the novel, the black women do not have access to the male protection. Hence, the daughter and mother relationships are fundamental for them to receive the motherly skills meant for survival. In this case, the African American parents give protection to their daughters while teaching t hem to love themselves for whom they are in the patriarchal society. This depiction is eminent when the mothers strive to offer protection for the undetermined dangers through giving them a sense of their unique self-worth. Although, this feeling of security and self-worth often miss in the mother and daughter relationships in Sula. The situation indicates the historical experiences of the African American that impact differently on how men, women, and their children express affection, tenderness, support, and protection to one another.

Religious Life on Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Life on Planet Earth - Essay Example The geographical terrain, vegetation and population density have a direct impact on the cultural and social life of humans which indirectly shapes their religious school of thought. Diversity in language, skin color, body shape and the male dominance seem to influence religious indoctrination, which is enforced on their offspring’s. There seem to be some pockets of populations’ on the planet who seem to be atheists but still believe in a culture of work for living, which indirectly translates into a religion itself i.e. their dedication to work for existence is fanatical to the degree of being labeled as religion. On closer observation, one comes to know that such category of societies on earth call themselves socialists. On closer observation, one can see that majority of the populations’ on Earth visualize God as a manifestation of the human form itself, as most of the worshipped entities have human shape. Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God, Muslims believe that Muhammad was a messiah who brought the message of God to the planet while Hindus worship nature and its powers like fire, water, wind and earth which are depicted by demigods in human shape, who might possess either sex. Christians, Muslim and Sikh religions are heavily oriented towards believing that God’s manifestation is exclusively in the male form, which is the dominant sex in human society on the planet. Sub religions have emerged on the planet out of the above religions with deviants claiming superiority of their respective gods and beliefs. Surprisingly, the human population is greatly divided due to respective faiths’ and does not resist temptation to go to war with each other to prove one’s superiority over the other. Subtle activities to lure people from one religion to the other have been going on the planet once populations’ have migrated from one geographical location to the other en-masse. People on earth have built facilities and buildings exclusively for the practice of their respective religions and such buildings have exclusive architecture, are intricately designed and decorated, and revered highly to the point that people having allegiance to a particular faith bow in submission while passing across these masses of concrete. Christians’ have Churches and cathedrals, Muslims have mosques and the Hindus and Buddhists have temples. They regularly hold congregations on days earmarked as holy in their respective religions and spread the word amongst each other as well as to their young ones reproaching them not to deviate from the established doctrines. Any deviant or revolutionary behavior is highly condemned and the culprit is punished severely or ostracized from within the precincts of the religious society one represents. Religious scriptures have been maintained by all religions on the Earth in written forms’ and are revered as Holy Books by respective religious bodies and societies. S ome humans are considered more religious than others as they shun public life and devout their whole life exclusively in the service of religion. Such persons are labeled as priests with hierarchical designations which increase their stature in society. The function of religion on Earth seems to be to tame individuals into following predefined norms in social life which are conducive for survival in group living. As lower forms of animals survive simply by their physical superiority to have an edge on others representing their species, humans

Leadership Must Be Empowerment To Empower Its Teams Management Essay

Leadership Must Be Empowerment To Empower Its Teams Management Essay Goleman (1998) argued that during the last decade interpersonal skills have focused on effective leadership. Where the leaders controlled, planned and inspected the organizations operation, in recent more service oriented industries, leaderships responsibilities include motivate employees, promote positive attitudes in workplace, and make a sense of participation among employees (Hogan et al., 1994). Most researchers analyze leadership effectiveness regarding to the result of the leaders performance for employees and companys stakeholders, but the consequence variables of each researchers have been different from the others. The principals of these variables are depend on how immediate they are and whether they have subjective or objective measures. These consequences which are negatively correlated, are very difficult because of the complex trade-offs among them. In order to analyze the effectiveness of leadership many criteria should be taken in to the account to handle these complexities and variation between stakeholders preferences (Yuki, 1998). Researchers have stressed that the relationship between managers and employees has an important role in effective leadership. Qualified relationship and open interaction motivate and empower employees (Boyd and Taylor, 1998; Brower, Schoorman, and Tan, 2000). Drinks (1995) and Nonaka (1988) believed that the type of leaders interaction may lead them to take advantage from their difference and learn from each other. Ensley et al. (2003) argued that conventional view of a single leadership is based on the concept that leadership is a specialized role that cannot be shared with group. This perspective is stood for more hierarchical leadership in which the leaders supervise and control all activities. In the other hand, in shared leadership all members of the team are empowered to share the tasks and responsibilities of leadership. Yuki (1998, p.3) who view leadership as shared process cited that important decisions about what to do and how to do it are made through the use of an interac tive process that involves many different people who influence each other, not by a single person. Managers have different relationships with their employees and as Boyd and Taylor (1998) argued the quality of these relations may have influence on their success. When they improve the quality of their relationship, employees can be more productive on their task and more encouraged to contribute in organizational activities. Argyris and Schon (1978, 1996) have claimed that supportive interaction is the basis of effective leadership. Such interaction can be a strong motivation for organizational learning (Drinks, 1995; Nonakd, 1998). Bandura (1974) emphasized that successful leaders have capacity to motivate, encourage and empower their employees. Empowerment improves employees task innovation and continuation. Empowered employees make more contributions, they accept more difficult situations, and perform more confidently. They make more effort on their given task. According to Hofstede (2001) in organizations, such as any other social units, it may be found some inequality of employees capacities and powers, or unequal distribution of power over the employees. Cotta (1976) believes that power inequality is necessary in organization, and Hofstede (2001) claimed that the distribution of power in most organizations is formed in hierarchies, and the foundation of these hierarchies is the relationship between the managers and employees. Power distance is a measure of the interpersonal power or influence (P.83) between managers and employees. The acceptance and supporting of power distance by social environment is strongly related to the national culture. The culture determines the level of correlation among managers and employees. He expressed that the effect of employees participation on the outcome variables of organizational contribution, job satisfaction and efficacy was altered by particular level of power distance. Employee empowerment or participative decision making is not a simple or new concept of management. More than 50 years of research has approved that employee contribution is a complex management tool, that if apply properly, it can improve the performance, productivity and job satisfaction (Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Cohen, Chang and Ledford (1997) argued that employee must be engaged if they comprehend the necessity of creativity and if they are interested in changing their behaviors in work in improved way. He believes that the most significant concept of organizational effectiveness and positive employee perceptions is the employees involvement. One type of employees involvement in workplace is their participation in decision making (PDM). Nykodym, Simonetti and Welling (1994) have presented four areas for employees participation. The first area is goal setting. Employees can participate in setting up a goal for their task, planning a job and the appropriate time for job execution. In the second area employees can contribute in making choice between alternative series of tasks such as: working hours, placement of supplies or options among alternatives to perform an ordinary task. Next, employees can participate in problems solving that include clarifying the subject and determining the alternative series of activities. Finally, participation may include organizational changes, such as setting company policies that may involve hiring, layoffs, profit sharing or investments. Companies can take part in any or all of these areas in any time. The first three methods of participation can be used for all areas of contribution. Employees can participate individually to make decision and determine their own target, or they may get together with a manager to make decision making team. All employees may take part in decision making group with their coworkers or managers. This participation may be formal as in quality circle or informal as a group of employees declaring their opinions to gain the general agreement. Employees contribution in decision making can be directly or indirectly through a representative elected to express the groups ideas. There are some conditions that influence the success of participative leadership, and if these conditions do not manage properly, the efforts for participative management will fail. One of the most important set of these conditions is include the values, attitudes and expectations of an organizations employees. If employees do not want to take part in decision making, any attempt to force them would fail. For successful participation an organization must have a corporate culture that express the participative leadership. Another condition is the design of current task that must be done. If the workers task depends on each other to be complete, it can encourage the independent individual participation. If employees do not trust their managers, the participation in group decision making of employees and managers may not be successful. The last set of conditions is related to the environment. According to the rapidly changing technology, governmental laws, and strong competition, employ ees participation in decision making cannot be effective unless the members have the essential technical skills. These groups must also be capable to work with each other effectively in order to make a proper decision (Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Yuki (1998) believes that shared leadership is expected to occur self-managed teams, because of the employees are independent in developing group processes. In self-managed teams employees have more authority and responsibility to make decisions which related to their tasks (Katzenbach Smith, 1993; S.G Cohen, 1991). Self-managed teams are able to make decisions, determine goals, assign work, set schedule, and so on (Yuki, 1998). However the necessity of leadership in not questioning as the team is self-managed. Barry (1991) stressed that the role of leadership in self-managed teams is more important than traditional teams. He declared that in addition to needing task-based leadership such as project definition, scheduling, and resource gathering; self-managed teams require leadership around group development processes (developing cohesiveness, establishing effective communication patterns, and so forth) (p.32). Braford (1976) suggested that the teams members with shared leadership a re more satisfied with their teams, and Katzenbach and Smith (1993) claimed that teams involved in shared leadership are more effective and productive in regard to performance. In addition Perry, Pearce and Sims (1999) argued that shared leadership improves the interpretation of teams requirements. Recently many researchers have become interested in the concept of self-managed group (Stewart and Manz,1995; Cohen and Ledford, 1994; Mohrman et al., 1995; Manz, 1986, 1992; Manz and Sims, 1980,1990). According to the idea of socio-technical systems developed by Emery and Trist (1969), during the recent years, the self-managed work groups are used as a form of work system, specifically as pressures of high educated workforce for more responsibility and empowerment through group based shared management are exerted on organizations (Pearce and Manz, 2005). Also, there is another pressure that applied for organization to become more responsive to the recent competitive environment and global economy (Wriston, 1991; Druskat and Wheeler, 2003). Self-managed teams are independent to make important decision that related to their team processes (Katzenbach Smith, 1993; S.G. Cohen, 1991; Yuki, 1998). Murry et al. (2002) emphasized that leadership is a key in team process, without leadership team members may not be able to identify with team goals. Self-managed teams as Barry (1991) argued need more leadership than traditional teams in both task-related and team development problems. There are some attributes for self-managed work teams. Under the Wall and Clegg (1986) presentation, self-managed team build of a small group of individuals who are responsible for making the unit of task, executing a variety of works and using various skills that the group possesses. Job feedback is important for work team so the difference from goal achievement can be supervised by group member in specified task area boundary. Several case studies proved the advantages of the implementation of self-managed work teams such as increased employee satisfaction, heightened socialization in the work place, increased autonomy, opportunity to learn new skills, and some other benefits include reduced absenteeism and increased performance and motivation (Cohen and Ledford, 1994; Wall and Clegg, 1986; Pearce and Ravlin, 1987). However some researchers believes that self-managed work teams have some disadvantages in actual work (Versepey, 1990; Mohrman et al., 1995). Some case study in the USA has demonstrated that one of the most important factors in self-managed work teams failure is the reluctance of the manager to transfer the power and control to the team member (Hackman, 1989; Manz and Sims, 1987). So the role of leadership in self-managed work teams is critical. Elloy (n.d.) argued that the leadership in self-managed work team has an important role that has received little attention during past years for they often they supposed that role of external leader is redundant. There are few researches on external leader and its influence on groups operations. The fundamental opinion of self-managed work teams declares that the group members have control over their work environment and responsibility for all their duties in the team. However, research by Manz and Sims (1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990) revealed that leadership exit from traditional form of supervision and control to highly facilitative form of management, less direct but necessary for the productivity and effectiveness of the group. Many authors cited Kanter (1979) as the source of knowledge about the efficacy of employee empowerment. Kanter (1979) believes that shared management and empowered employee can increase the organizational power. The power of the leader in such situation not only reduces but also may enhance especially if the organization performs better. He also mentioned that employees, who are equipped with tools, information, and support, can make better decision. Bowen and Lawler (1995) declared that empowerment lead to more satisfied customers and employees. They also provided additional evidence, considerable research unpracticed such as gain sharing, communication programs, work teams, job enrichment, skill based pay, and so on, has shown the results of these practices are consistence and positive (p.75). Randolph (1995) indicates that employee empowerment can is improved trust in the organization. In such organization employee respond positively and they will set challenging goals which when they achieve those goals they will define the goals at higher level. In the other hand managing participation does not come without potential problems in the case of initiation, structure and management, choice of issue, team work, and evaluation. When organizations begin the participation program, the managements who are at higher level direct employees to contribute in establishing task forces and teams. In addition, managers who are handled to accomplish this activity will be assessed on the success of their teams. Another problem of participation is how the organization declares the program to the employees. Managers sometime present contribution in decision-making as a luxury rather than a result oriented tool. Furthermore, if management explains clearly what they want to obtain from concept of participation, employees can accept it more rapidly. The next problem is concern with employees who are involved in participation practices. If participation depends on volunteers, it is not representative, if it does not; it is compelling (Nykodym, Simone tti, Nielsen and Welling, 1994). Fox (1998) believes the most important problem in empowerment program as that may affect profitability of the organization is managements fear of letting employees make decisions. Even Kanter (1979) who is cited as providing evidence of the effectiveness of empowerment indicates: One might wonder why more organizations do not adopt such empowering strategies. These are standard answers, that giving up control is threatening to people who have fought for every shred of it; that managers fear losing their own place and special privileges in the system, and so on forth. But I would also pot skepticism about employee abilities high on the list. (p.74) In addition, Nykodym et al. (1994) mentioned that some problems in participations are related to the structure and management. An effective empowerment needs an obvious structure. It is essential to establish all basis rules and limitation boundaries from the beginning of the program. In the other word, empowerment program requires an effective leader who can motivate the employee and set constraints. Another problem with structure and management is that managers must engage to arrange activities, support employees and reconsider the consequences. A manager cannot assign the tasks to a team without monitoring them. They must also find and manage the time needed for participation. Middle managers often oppose to employee empowerment as they think that the program will remove their power, which Blanchard and Bowles (1998) called it hazing theory of management. He believes that managers must modify the control over the employees. The reason that initiation programs and hazing are still a part of fraternal companies is that the employees want the chance to act as was acted to them. These changes are performed through training. Managers must understand that they still have a position even the authority being shared with employees. Their new role includes mentoring, coaching, and facilitating. Proper training improves managers skill of coaching and mentoring, because empower employee are often leaded in to self-managing teams need someone to facilitate their discussion until their skills are improved. This facilitating is the role of manager in self-managed team. Many managers need training in order to increase their capacity for facilitating discussions (Fox, 1998 ). Next dilemma that Nykodym, Simonetti, Nielsen and Welling (1994) referred is the issue of choice that is concerned which issue is included in participative decision making. Researchers have demonstrated that employees prefer to take part in problems that are related to their primary job operation, or their quotidian problems. But it is important not to make presumption about what problems are most significant to employees, they should be asked. As the participation has passed its experimental stage, employees may request compensation or recognition for their time and ideas. Employees must feel that they profit from participation in the effectiveness of the company. Bowen and Lawler (1992) note some management objections such as: higher required investment in selection and training, greater labor costs, incompatible service deliveries which are resulted by these changes. Other management objections mentioned by Conger and Kanungo (1988) are empowerment may lead to overconfidence and misjudgment on the followers. Appropriate training may defeat some of these objections, but not all of them. However, Fox (1998) believes that the advantage of employee empowerment exceed the disadvantages. In the other hand, employees are often opposed to empowerment program. Aeppel (1997) argued that one of the objections by Eaton employees is the responsibility of the group for each employee. He believes that when everyone mentoring everyone else it seems that having a hundred bosses. Another employee complaint that declared by Fox (1998), is that they dont want extra task than their ordinary responsibilities. He considers that employee with such objection is not motivated and he/she is not aware of the benefit of his/her task for the organization. Eurotec Company is a subsidiary of the Schott Group which is a large German glass manufacturer. According to the rapid production expansion, the company faced a number of problems, and in order to moderate these issues, the company decided to implement empowerment program. The references revealed the successful use of empowered autonomous work team to remove the problems (Sykes et al., 1997). As argued in the article, the staffs are now motivated to come along with challenges. Employees are trained to increase their technical and communication skills and they feel more involved. In conclusion, although the implementation empowerment is the biggest challenge of any organization in terms of its initiation, structure, and evaluation and so on, it is profitable for team progress, because there are more leaders to mentor teams performance, and employees motivate each other. In such environment employees are more satisfied about their job and as a result the productivity, performance and task innovation will be improved. For achieving these goals, managers have a key role to lead the organizations effectively and motivate employees to participate in decision making.

The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Biology Essays Resear

The Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease In neuroscience it is assumed that the central nervous system governs and defines all aspects of behavior (Grobstein, 1998). Therefore, the brain, the hub of the central nervous system, is responsible for integrating all sensory and motor patterning. To understand the mechanisms of neurobiology it is often useful to observe the nervous system at the level of the neuron. Integration and communication between neurons is facilitated by neurotransmitters, chemicals which act as intermediaries at the synaptic gap (Delcomyn, 1998). Many behavioral disorders have a neurochemical basis, oftentimes associated with abnormal neurotransmitter activity. These abnormalities are thought to stem from interactions between genetics and the environment. One of these disorders is Parkinson's Disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by a deficit in the neurotransmitter dopamine (NHGRI, 1998). Parkinson's Disease affects more than a million Americans a year and is distributed equally geographically, in both men and women, and between socio-economic classes (PD Web, 1998). Although the probability of developing the disease is somewhat equal in all populations, recent studies have shown that African-Americans and Asians are less likely to exhibit Parkinson's symptoms than those of European descent (PD Web, 1998). It was first formally identified by British physician James Parkinson in 1817 as "The Shaking Palsy", however, it is thought that the disease has been around for thousands of years. Described as early as 5000 B.C. in the Indian Ayurvedic medicinal tradition and in the Nei Jing, the first Chinese medical text 2500 years ago, Parkinson's disease has been a constant cha... ...ces Consulted: 1)Awakenings. 1998. Parkinson's Disease, Treatment Options. http://www.parkinsondisease.com/ 2)Cosgrove, G.R. 1998. Neurosurgery Web Page. Practical Information Regarding Stereotactic Pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. http://www.neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/pd-pract.html 3)Delcomyn, F. 1998. Foundations of Neurobiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 4)Grobstein, P. 1998. Neurobiology and Behavior Lectures, Bryn Mawr College. 5)National Human Genome Research Institute. 1998. Parkinson's Disease- Research News. http://www.genome.gov/DIR/LGDR/PARK2/background_info.html 6)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Hope Through Research. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/healinfo/disorder/parkinso/pdhtr.htm 7)PD Web: Parkinson's Disease Website. 1998. http://www.pdweb.mgh.harvard.edu/IntroPD/Intro.html

Case 6-1 Browning Manufacturing

Michellee Marie B. Chavez 2004-39460 BM 220 – Management Accounting 1) BROWNING MANUFACTURING COMPANY T-Accounts Cash Accounts Receivable Notes Payable 2,604,000. 00 144,000. 00 2,562,000. 00 49,200. 00 288,840. 00 118,440. 00 78,000. 00 311,760. 00 19,200. 00 264,000. 00 264,000. 00 492,000. 00 2,604,000. 00 552,840. 00 198,000. 00 2,873,760. 00 2,672,400. 00 49,200. 00 201,360. 00 Interest Expense 135,600. 00 38,400. 00 522,000. 00 Finished Goods 38,400. 00 38,400. 00 257,040. 00 1,806,624. 00 788,400. 00 1,901,952. 00 Indirect Manufacturing Labor 9,000. 00 2,158,992. 00 1,806,624. 0 198,000. 00 36,000. 00 352,368. 00 198,000. 00 52,200. 00 2,986,440. 00 2,542,800. 00 Manufacturing plant and equipment Direct Manufacturing Labor 443,640. 00 2,678,400. 00 492,000. 00 144,000. 00 492,000. 00 Prepaid taxes and insurances 2,822,400. 00 66,720. 00 52,800. 00 Materials 78,000. 00 Accounts Payable 110,520. 00 811,000. 00 144,720. 00 52,800. 00 788,400. 00 825,000. 00 825,000. 00 91, 920. 00 66,000. 00 935,520. 00 811,000. 00 185,760. 00 124,520. 00 788,400. 00 1,076,760. 00 Income Taxes Payable 288,360. 00 Work in Process 9,000. 00 9,000. 00 172,200. 00 1,901,952. 00 5,800. 0 Selling and Administrative Expense 811,000. 00 9,000. 00 14,800. 00 522,000. 00 1,129,200. 00 5,800. 00 522,000. 00 2,112,400. 00 1,901,952. 00 210,448. 00 Supplies Depreciation :: 17,280. 00 61,200. 00 140,400. 00 492,000. 00 66,000. 00 907,200. 00 198,000. 00 83,280. 00 61,200. 00 1,047,600. 00 49,200. 00 22,080. 00 135,600. 00 52,800. 00 Capital Stock Income Tax Expense 61,200. 00 1,512,000. 00 58,000. 00 140,400. 00 1,512,000. 00 58,000. 00 1,129,200. 00 Sales Cost of Goods Sold Power, Heat and Light 2,562,000. 00 1,806,624. 00 135,600. 00 2,562,000. 00 1,806,624. 00 135,600. 00 Sales Returns and Allowances Sales Discounts Social Security Taxes 19,200. 00 49,200. 00 49,200. 00 19,200. 00 49,200. 00 49,200. 00 Retained Earnings 829,560. 00 36,000. 00 68,576. 00 36,000. 00 898,136. 00 862,136. 00 Statement of Retained Earnings Retained earnings, 12/31/09 $829,560. 00 Add net income 68,576. 00 898,136. 00 Less dividends 36,000. 00 Retained earnings, 12/31/10 $862,136. 00 BROWNING MANUFACTURING COMPANY Projected 2010 Statement of Cost of Goods Sold Finished Goods Inventory, 1/1/10 $257,040. 00 Work in process inventory, 1/1/10 $172,200. 00 Materials used 811,000. 00 Plus: Factory expenses Direct manufacturing labor 492,000. 00 Factory Overhead: Indirect manufacturing labor $198,000. 00 Power, heat and light 135,600. 00 Depreciation of plant 140,400. 00 Social security taxes 49,200. 00 Taxes and insurance, factory 52,800. 00 Supplies 61,200. 00 637,200. 00 2,112,400. 00 Less: Work in process inventory, 12/31/10 210,448. 00 Cost of goods manufactured 1,901,952. 00 2,158,992. 00 Less: Finished goods inventory, 12/31/10 352,368. 00 Cost of goods sold $1,806,624. 00 2) BROWNING MANUFACTURING COMPANY Projected 2010 Income Statement Sales 2,562,000. 00 Less: Sales returns and allowances 19,200. 00 Sales discounts allowed 49,200. 00 68,400. 00 Net Sales 2,493,600. 00 Less: Cost of Goods Sold 1,806,624. 00 Gross margin 686,976. 00 Less: Selling and administrative expense 522,000. 00 Operating Income 164,976. 00 Less: Interest Expense 38,400. 00 Income before federal and state income tax 126,576. 00 Less: Estimated income tax expense 58,000. 00 Net Income 68,576. 00 BROWNING MANUFACTURING COMPANY Projected 2010 Balance Sheet Assets Current Assets: Cash and marketable securities $443,640. 00 Accounts receivable (net of allowance for doubtful accounts) 201,360. 00 Inventories: Materials $124,520. 00 Work in process 210,448. 00 Finished goods 352,368. 00 Supplies 22,080. 00 709,416. 00 Prepaid taxes and insurance 91,920. 00 Total current assets 1,446,336. 00 Other Assets: Manufacturing plant at cost 2,822,400. 00 Less: Accumulated depreciation 1,047,600. 00 1,774,800. 00 Total Assets $3,221,136. 00 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts Payable $288,360. 00 Notes Payable 552,840. 00 Income Taxes payable 5,800. 00 Total current liabilities $847,000. 00 Shareholders' equity: Capital stock 1,512,000. 00 Retained earnings 862,136. 00 Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity $3,221,136. 00 Comparative Statement of Cost of Goods Sold, Projected 2010 vs. 2009 20092010% change Finished Goods Inventory, 1/1/10 218,820. 00 257,040. 00 17. 47% Work in process inventory, 1/1/10 137,760. 00 172,200. 00 25. 00% Materials used 663,120. 00 811,000. 00 22. 30% Direct manufacturing labor 419,040. 00 492,000. 00 17. 41% Indirect manufacturing labor 170,640. 00 198,000. 00 16. 03% Power, heat and light 116,760. 00 135,600. 00 16. 14% Depreciation of plant 126,600. 00 140,400. 00 10. 90% Social security taxes 42,120. 00 49,200. 00 16. 81% Taxes and insurance, factory 46,320. 00 52,800. 00 13. 99% Supplies 56,880. 00 61,200. 00 7. 9% Work in process inventory, 12/31/10 172,200. 00 210,448. 00 22. 21% Finished goods inventory, 12/31/10 257,040. 00 352,368. 00 37. 09% Comparative Income Statement, Projected 2010 vs. 2009 2009 2010 % change Sales 2,295,600. 00 2,562,000. 00 11. 60% Sales returns and allowances 17,640. 00 19,200. 00 8. 84% Sales discounts allowed 43,920. 00 49,200. 00 12. 02% Cost of Goods Sold 1,568,280. 00 1,806,624. 00 15. 20% Selling and administrative expense 437,160. 00 522,000. 00 19. 41% Interest Expense 34,080. 00 38,400. 00 12. 68% Estimated income tax expense 89,520. 00 58,000. 00 -35. 21% Net Income 105,000. 00 68,576. 0 -34. 69% Comparative Balance Sheet, Projected 2010 vs. 2009 2009 2010 % change Cash and marketable securities 118,440. 00 443,640. 00 274. 57% Accounts receivable 311,760. 00 201,360. 00 -35. 41% Materials 110,520. 00 124,520. 00 12. 67% Work in process 172,200. 00 210,448. 00 22. 21% Finished goods 257,040. 00 352,368. 00 37. 09% Supplies 17,280. 00 22,080. 00 27. 78% Prepaid taxes and insurance 66,720. 00 91,920. 00 37. 77% Manufacturing plant at cost 2,678,400. 00 2,822,400. 00 5. 38% Accumulated depreciation 907,200. 00 1,047,600. 00 15. 48% Accounts Payable 185,760. 00 288,360. 00 55. 23% Notes Payable 288,840. 0 552,840. 00 91. 40% Income Taxes payable 9,000. 00 5,800. 00 -35. 56% Capital stock 1,512,000. 00 1,512,0 00. 00 0. 00% Retained earnings 829,560. 00 862,136. 00 3. 93% The comparison shows that in 2010, it is projected that there will be a significant increase by 274. 57% in the company’s cash and marketable securities. It can also be noted that accounts receivables for 2010 is expected to go down by 35. 41%, meaning the company will have more and faster collections of receivables, thus, increase in cash can be expected. On the other hand, notes payable and accounts payable is projected to increase by 91. 40% and 55. 3% respectively, which indicates that the company will not be able to pay its financial obligations in due time. Their credit standing as a company will worsen, because the company’s expenses will be higher in 2010. They may have faster collections of receivables, however, payables and expenses increases, resulting to the inability of the company to become liquid. Aside from this, inventory turnover is expected to be low, meaning; the company will not be able to utilize its resources efficiently. It can also be attributed to the slight increase in sales which shows that the company is having a hard time disposing / using its resources. Due to these projections, net income is also expected to decrease in 2010. 3) The company will fail to achieve its notes payable repayment goal of a year-end cash balance of $150,000. 00 after paying off at least $350,000. 00 of the notes payable, because after repaying $350,000, year-end cash balance will decrease to $93,640, which is short of its $150,000 year-end cash balance. In order to achieve its minimum objective, the company should be able to increase its sales, and lessen the expenses as well as the payables. ) Management’s inventory turnover goal will not be achieved in 2010. Inventory turnover can be computed as: Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory 20091,568,280. 00/ [(218,820. 00+257,040. 00)/2] = 6. 59 20101,806,624. 00/ [(257,040. 00+352,368. 00)/2] = 5. 93 As shown in the above computation, inventory turnover in 2010 is lower than that of 2009. In the budget, inventory turnover goal is not indicated to be achieved. The company should analyze its market and d emand of the people in order to evaluate how many of the goods should be prepared and ordered by them. They should be aware of the average number of products that they should have and it will be determined based on the demand. They should also strategize by having effective marketing and selling techniques. 5) The budget shows that the company will have a poor credit trade standing due to its higher payables. This shows that the company is not able to pay its obligations in time, primarily because of its inability to monitor and control their expenses. Eventually, the company will have a hard time borrowing if there will have continuous past dues, thus, operations might soon be affected and eventually will not be sustained.